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War and resilience: The multifaceted impacts of Sudan's conflict and pathways to recovery

2026Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.

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War and resilience: The multifaceted impacts of Sudan's conflict and pathways to recovery

Sudan is facing one of the most severe humanitarian and economic crises in its modern history. The current civil war has displaced millions and severely damaged livelihoods, markets, and institutions, causing a rapid deterioration in the economy, agrifood systems, and population welfare.

War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery situates the current conflict within Sudan’s longer historical trajectory, explaining how structural factors contributed to the war’s progression and scale. Drawing on recent household and enterprise surveys, satellite indicators, market price data, and economywide modeling, the book documents the crisis’s impacts and identifies realistic entry points for stabilization and recovery.

Written by leading IFPRI researchers and colleagues, War and Resilience highlights how Sudan’s population has shown remarkable resilience through social networks, remittances, informal support systems, and adaptation across rural and urban settings. Its final chapters offer decision-makers a forward-looking assessment of pathways toward recovery.

Year published

2026

Authors

Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.

Citation

Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; and Dorosh, Paul A. 2026. War and resilience: The multifaceted impacts of Sudan's conflict and pathways to recovery. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/179201

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Resilience; Conflicts; War; Armed Conflicts; Livelihoods; Civil Conflict

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book

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Origins and causes of Sudan’s conflict: Domestic and international perspectives

2026Baldo, Suliman

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Origins and causes of Sudan’s conflict: Domestic and international perspectives

The war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and its subsidiary paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) that began in April 2023 follows a succession of civil wars that devasted the economically marginalized, socially ostracized, and politically disenfranchised southern and western regions of Sudan, but it has now brought the conflict to the country’s geographic and economic power center. Unlike the decades-long North–South civil wars or the ongoing deadly conflict in Darfur, today’s conflict began in Khartoum and the agriculturally rich heartland of Central Sudan, bringing death and destruction to the central Aj Jazirah and Sennar states, before moving south and west to Darfur and Kordofan. The same historical, economic, political, and ethnic factors that fueled those previous conflicts are at play now, as the belligerent factions seek to control the country’s resources. This time, however, after working together to halt efforts to democratize Sudan, the SAF and RSF turned on each other, each seeking to dominate the kleptocratic state system.

Year published

2026

Authors

Baldo, Suliman

Citation

Baldo, Suliman. 2026. Origins and causes of Sudan’s conflict: Domestic and international perspectives. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section One: Origins and Dynamics of the Conflict, Chapter 2, Pp. 19-35. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182364

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Conflicts; Civil Conflict; Political Aspects; Economic Aspects; International Relations

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Introduction [in War and resilience: The multifaceted impacts of Sudan's conflict and pathways to recovery]

2026Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.

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Introduction [in War and resilience: The multifaceted impacts of Sudan's conflict and pathways to recovery]

Sudan is experiencing one of the most severe humanitarian and economic crises in its modern history due to the ongoing conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). The war has devastated livelihoods, displaced millions, and significantly weakened the country’s agrifood system and broader economic structure. Since the conflict erupted in April 2023, it has escalated into the world’s largest displacement crisis, with nearly 12 million people—nearly one-third of Sudan’s population-forced to flee their homes, including 4.5 million refugees who have sought safety in neighboring countries, including Egypt, Chad, South Sudan, and Ethiopia.

Year published

2026

Authors

Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.

Citation

Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; and Dorosh, Paul A. 2026. Introduction. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section One: Origins and Dynamics of the Conflict, Chapter 1, Pp. 3-18. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182363

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Resilience; Conflicts; War; Armed Conflicts; Livelihoods; Civil Conflict

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

Conflict-induced trade dynamics: A gravity framework analysis of Sudan’s agricultural exports

2026Ayesu, Enock Kojo; Kornher, Lukas; Sakyi, Daniel; Abushama, Hala

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Conflict-induced trade dynamics: A gravity framework analysis of Sudan’s agricultural exports

Long before the April 2023 eruption of armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), Sudan’s economy was crippled by conflicts. The country’s agricultural production and productivity, internal trade, exports, and overall macroeconomic performance have all been adversely affected, and disruptions to the agrifood system, food insecurity, poverty, and malnutrition will likely remain if the conflict continues.

Year published

2026

Authors

Ayesu, Enock Kojo; Kornher, Lukas; Sakyi, Daniel; Abushama, Hala

Citation

Ayesu, Enock Kojo; Kornher, Lukas; Sakyi, Daniel; and Abushama, Hala. 2026. Conflict-induced trade dynamics: A gravity framework analysis of Sudan’s agricultural exports. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Two: Economic, Social, and Humanitarian Impacts, Chapter 6, Pp. 117-146. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182368

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Conflicts; Trade; Frameworks; Exports; Agricultural Trade; Agrifood Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

State failure and elite capture of Sudan’s agrifood system

2026Resnick, Danielle; Abushama, Hala; Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Ahmed, Mosab O. M.

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State failure and elite capture of Sudan’s agrifood system

Since the outbreak of Sudan’s civil war in April 2023, nearly 12 million people have been displaced, and an estimated 44,000 have been directly killed by the violence (UNHCR 2026; ACLED 2025). Many more are estimated to have suffered from war-related disease and malnutrition (Roberts 2025). The decimation of the capital city of Khartoum—the epicenter of the jubilant civilian uprisings in 2019—epitomizes the country’s short journey from a promising democratic opening to a failed state.

Year published

2026

Authors

Resnick, Danielle; Abushama, Hala; Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Ahmed, Mosab O. M.

Citation

Resnick, Danielle; Abushama, Hala; Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; and Ahmed, Mosab O. M. 2026. State failure and elite capture of Sudan’s agrifood system. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section One: Origins and Dynamics of the Conflict, Chapter 3, Pp. 37-63. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182365

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Governance; State Intervention; Agrifood Systems; Agricultural Value Chains

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Worsening food security in Sudan amid conflict

2026Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Abushama, Hala

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Worsening food security in Sudan amid conflict

The conflict in Sudan, primarily between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has escalated since April 2023 into a significant crisis, affecting the nation’s stability and security and worsening humanitarian conditions. The conflict has severely degraded the food security of many Sudanese households, with profound effects on their diets, coping strategies, and overall welfare.

Year published

2026

Authors

Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Abushama, Hala

Citation

Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; and Abushama, Hala. 2026. Worsening food security in Sudan amid conflict. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Two: Economic, Social, and Humanitarian Impacts, Chapter 9, Pp. 191-218. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182379

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Food Security; Conflicts; Households; Agricultural Sector

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Human capital at risk: The impact of conflict on health and education in Sudan

2026Ebaidalla, Ebaidalla M.; Gebrail, Mohammed; Suliman, Gotada; Kirui, Oliver K.; Rakhy, Tarig Alhaj; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw

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Human capital at risk: The impact of conflict on health and education in Sudan

Human capital, including the knowledge, skills, and health of a population, is the foundation for economic growth and development (Lucas Jr. 1988; Mankiw et al. 1992; Pelinescu 2015). Healthcare and education stand out as critical pillars that directly enhance human capital, influencing individual well-being, workforce productivity, and development (Barro and Sala-i-Martin 1995; Schultz 2003; Hanushek and Woessman 2012). Access to quality healthcare ensures a healthy and productive population capable of contributing to economic activities, while education equips individuals with the skills and knowledge essential for innovation and global competitiveness. Together, these sectors constitute the backbone of a nation’s resilience and long-term prosperity (Kim and Ahn 2020; Wang and Gu 2024).

Year published

2026

Authors

Ebaidalla, Ebaidalla M.; Gebrail, Mohammed; Suliman, Gotada; Kirui, Oliver K.; Rakhy, Tarig Alhaj; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw

Citation

Ebaidalla, Ebaidalla M.; Gebrail, Mohammed; Suliman, Gotada; Kirui, Oliver K.; Rakhy, Tarig Alhaj; and Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw. 2026. Human capital at risk: The impact of conflict on health and education in Sudan. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Two: Economic, Social, and Humanitarian Impacts, Chapter 10, Pp. 219-242. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182380

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Human Capital; Risk; Impact; Conflicts; Health; Education

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Cereal production, markets, and policy in Sudan

2026Dorosh, Paul A.; Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid

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Cereal production, markets, and policy in Sudan

Cereal production has long been a cornerstone of Sudan’s food security and economy, especially wheat, sorghum, and millet. Given the importance of these staples, policy related to imports and prices of wheat (and sorghum, to a lesser extent) has major effects on food production and consumption. In particular, before 2023, government interventions in wheat markets involved huge implicit—and sometimes explicit—fiscal costs, including interventions on large food aid inflows, official sales prices, direct controls on commercial imports, and subsidies on wheat milling (D’Silva and Badawi 1988; Faki and Taha 2009; Abdelaziz et al. 2022). These policies have generally benefited urban consumers at the expense of rural producers and have not always been well-targeted to the poor (Resnick 2021; Resnick 2026, Chapter 3 in this volume).

Year published

2026

Authors

Dorosh, Paul A.; Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid

Citation

Dorosh, Paul A.; Kirui, Oliver K.; and Siddig, Khalid. 2026. Cereal production, markets, and policy in Sudan. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Two: Economic, Social, and Humanitarian Impacts, Chapter 5, Pp. 89-116. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182367

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Cereals; Crop Production; Markets; Policies; Prices; Trade

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Economywide impact of Sudan’s conflict and pathways to recovery

2026Siddig, Khalid; Elnour, Zuhal; Thurlow, James

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Economywide impact of Sudan’s conflict and pathways to recovery

Massive human displacement and economic devastation have resulted from Sudan’s ongoing conflict, which erupted on April 15, 2023, between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, as of February 2, 2026, nearly 12 million people were internally displaced in Sudan, and 4.5 million had sought refuge in neighboring countries (UNHCR 2026). Public services, including health, education, and sanitation, have collapsed in many regions, compounding the humanitarian crisis and further destabilizing the socioeconomic fabric of the country.

Year published

2026

Authors

Siddig, Khalid; Elnour, Zuhal; Thurlow, James

Citation

Siddig, Khalid; Elnour, Zuhal; and Thurlow, James. 2026. Economywide impact of Sudan’s conflict and pathways to recovery. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Two: Economic, Social, and Humanitarian Impacts, Chapter 7, Pp. 147-167. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182369

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Economic Impact; Conflicts; Economic Recovery; Modelling

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Monitoring economic activities: Leveraging satellite and remote-sensing technologies

2026Guo, Zhe; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Timu, Anne G.; Zhou, Shuang; Abay, Kibrom A.; You, Liangzhi

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Monitoring economic activities: Leveraging satellite and remote-sensing technologies

Understanding disruptions to economic activities in conflict-affected regions such as Sudan is essential for policymakers, humanitarian organizations, and researchers seeking to develop effective response strategies. However, traditional data collection methods, such as official government statistics and household surveys, become unreliable or impractical in these contexts due to security risks, displacement, and institutional breakdowns. In such environments, satellite and remote-sensing technologies provide a powerful alternative, offering near real-time, scalable, and objective insights into economic disturbances, infrastructure damage, population displacement, and environmental degradation. Advances in Earth observation technologies now allow researchers to monitor the economic consequences of conflicts with great accuracy and efficiency, even in regions where on-the-ground data collection is impossible (Hoogeveen et al. 2016; Hoogeveen and Pape 2020; Abay et al. 2023).

Year published

2026

Authors

Guo, Zhe; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Timu, Anne G.; Zhou, Shuang; Abay, Kibrom A.; You, Liangzhi

Citation

Guo, Zhe; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Timu, Anne G.; et al. 2026. Monitoring economic activities: Leveraging satellite and remote-sensing technologies. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Two: Economic, Social, and Humanitarian Impacts, Chapter 4, Pp. 67-88. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182366

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Economic Activities; Space-borne Remote Sensing; Remote Sensing; Satellites

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Food consumption patterns and dietary diversity amid conflict

2026Svensson, Fredrik; Kirui, Oliver K.

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Food consumption patterns and dietary diversity amid conflict

Sudan is currently experiencing one of the most severe food security crises globally. According to the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) more than 21.2 million people—45 percent of the population—are acutely food insecure (IPC Phase 3 or above), with more than 146,000 people facing catastrophic levels of food insecurity (IPC Phase 5) as of February 2026 (IPC 2025). As of September 2025, El-Fasher (North Darfur) and the besieged town of Kadugli (South Kordofan) were classified as experiencing famine (IPC Phase 5) with reasonable evidence. These conditions were expected to persist through January 2026. The crisis has also led to the acute malnutrition of 4.7 million children under five and pregnant and breastfeeding women and girls (IPC 2024a).

Year published

2026

Authors

Svensson, Fredrik; Kirui, Oliver K.

Citation

Svensson, Fredrik; and Kirui, Oliver K. 2026. Food consumption patterns and dietary diversity amid conflict. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Two: Economic, Social, and Humanitarian Impacts, Chapter 8, Pp. 169-189. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182370

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Food Consumption; Dietary Diversity; Conflicts; Nutrition; Food Consumption Statistics

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

A Sudanese strategy for postconflict, agriculture-led transformative growth

2026Elbadawi, Ibrahim

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A Sudanese strategy for postconflict, agriculture-led transformative growth

The intense factional war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Force (RSF) that erupted in April 2023 has devastated Sudan. This war is a tragic legacy of the kleptocratic regime of General Omar Al-Bashir, which ruled the country from 1989 until it was deposed by the leadership of the two armies in 2019, following a massive popular uprising in December 2018 (see Chapter 2 for details). The presence of a divided military institution in Sudan has been attributed to the coup-proofing strategy of “coup-fearing” autocrats, who were willing to undermine the state’s military effectiveness to extend their own tenure (Powell 2014).

Year published

2026

Authors

Elbadawi, Ibrahim

Citation

Elbadawi, Ibrahim. 2026. A Sudanese strategy for postconflict, agriculture-led transformative growth. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Three: Resilience and Recovery Strategies, Chapter 14, Pp. 309-344. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182385

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Agriculture; Agricultural Growth; Economic Growth; Political Ecology; Investment

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Delivering aid amid active conflict and insecurity: Digital transfers for delivering social and humanitarian assistance in Sudan

2026Abay, Kibrom A.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Siddig, Khalid

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Delivering aid amid active conflict and insecurity: Digital transfers for delivering social and humanitarian assistance in Sudan

The recent resurgence of armed conflict in Africa is increasing the need for shock-responsive humanitarian and social assistance programs. For example, the armed conflict in Sudan, which erupted in April 2023, has caused the world’s largest displacement crisis, creating a multifaceted humanitarian crisis that requires significant investments in assistance. Armed conflicts in Africa are aggravating poverty and hunger (Corral et al. 2020) and threatening important gains in poverty reduction made in the last few decades. This is causing major setbacks to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 (Corral et al. 2020; World Bank Group 2020), particularly SDG2 (Zero Hunger), SDG3 (Good Health and Well-Being), and SDG16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions).

Year published

2026

Authors

Abay, Kibrom A.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Siddig, Khalid

Citation

Abay, Kibrom A.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; and Siddig, Khalid. 2026. Delivering aid amid active conflict and insecurity: Digital transfers for delivering social and humanitarian assistance in Sudan. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Three: Resilience and Recovery Strategies, Chapter 12, Pp. 257-285. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182383

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Aid Programmes; Conflicts; Social Protection

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Drivers of vulnerability and low resilience in Sudan

2026Chaitani, Youssef; Chung, Hong Pum

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Drivers of vulnerability and low resilience in Sudan

Sudan is currently facing one of the most severe crises in its modern history, with conflict, economic collapse, and climate disasters driving unprecedented levels of instability. Since April 2023, when the conflict erupted between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the country has experienced a complete breakdown in governance and a near-total collapse of key economic and social structures, leading to one of the world’s largest internal displacement crises and an escalating humanitarian emergency.

Year published

2026

Authors

Chaitani, Youssef; Chung, Hong Pum

Citation

Chaitani, Youssef; and Chung, Hong Pum. 2026. Drivers of vulnerability and low resilience in Sudan. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Three: Resilience and Recovery Strategies, Chapter 13, Pp. 287-308. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182384

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Vulnerability; Resilience; Risk; Conflicts; Climate; Natural Resources; Development; Policies

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Shocks, coping, and household livelihood strategies in wartime

2026Kirui, Oliver K.; Rakhy, Tarig Alhaj

Details

Shocks, coping, and household livelihood strategies in wartime

Since the eruption of conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in April 2023, Sudan has experienced one of the most severe humanitarian and economic crises in recent history. Beyond the tragic toll in lost and displaced lives, the conflict has profoundly disrupted livelihoods, dismantled social safety nets, and eroded the foundations of food and income security across the country. The ongoing war has affected millions, displacing communities and decimating livelihood systems across both rural and urban areas.

Year published

2026

Authors

Kirui, Oliver K.; Rakhy, Tarig Alhaj

Citation

Kirui, Oliver K.; and Rakhy, Tarig Alhaj. 2026. Shocks, coping, and household livelihood strategies in wartime. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Three: Resilience and Recovery Strategies, Chapter 11, Pp. 245-256. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182381

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Shock; Coping Capacity; Livelihood Strategies; Households; Livelihoods; War; Resilience; Vulnerability; Policies

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Toward a prosperous and secure Sudan: A way forward

2026Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.

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Toward a prosperous and secure Sudan: A way forward

As Sudan’s ongoing conflict enters its third year, the scale of human suffering and economic devastation continues to escalate. The brutal war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has devastated livelihoods, shattered infrastructure, and crippled the country’s agrifood systems and broader economy. Nearly 12 million people—one-fourth of Sudan’s population—have been displaced, including more than 4 million refugees who have fled to neighboring countries such as Egypt, Chad, South Sudan, and Ethiopia (UNHCR 2026). The death toll is estimated to be more than 44,000 as of September 2025 (ACLED 2025), though some assessments suggest fatalities could exceed 150,000 when accounting for deaths from violence, starvation, and disease (Sampson 2025). Children have borne the brunt of this devastation: 16 million are in urgent need of humanitarian assistance, and more than 17 million school-age children are currently out of school. The widespread destruction of hospitals, schools, and essential services continues to deepen the crisis, threatening to reverse decades of development and push the country toward systemic collapse.

Year published

2026

Authors

Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.

Citation

Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; and Dorosh, Paul A. 2026. Toward a prosperous and secure Sudan: A way forward. In War and Resilience: The Multifaceted Impacts of Sudan’s Conflict and Pathways to Recovery, eds. Khalid Siddig, Oliver K. Kirui, and Paul Dorosh. Section Four: The Way Forward, Chapter 15, Pp. 347-351. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/182386

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Prosperity; Peacebuilding; Post-conflict Settings; Welfare

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

The Russia-Ukraine conflict is likely to compound Sudan’s existing food security problems

2023Breisinger, Clemens; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.; Glauber, Joseph W.; Laborde Debucquet, David

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The Russia-Ukraine conflict is likely to compound Sudan’s existing food security problems

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has disrupted agricultural production and trade from one of the world’s major food exporting regions. The war threatens to drive rising food prices still higher and create scarcity, especially for regions most dependent on wheat and other exports from Russia and Ukraine — particularly the Middle East and North Africa. Sudan faces a uniquely difficult set of circumstances as these disruptions loom. As with other countries in the region, wheat is a key food item for Sudan, second only to sorghum as a source of calories and accounting for 530 calories/person/day — a fifth of the estimated 2,576 total calories consumed daily. Only about 15% of the wheat consumed is grown in Sudan — a share that might shrink due to rising fertilizer and energy prices; the rest is imported, with a majority sourced from Russia and Ukraine in recent years (Figure 1). Adding to these vulnerabilities, prices for wheat and fuel were already spiking before the war began, compounding the risk of rising food insecurity.

Year published

2023

Authors

Breisinger, Clemens; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.; Glauber, Joseph W.; Laborde Debucquet, David

Citation

Breisinger, Clemens; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.; Glauber, Joseph W.; and Laborde Debucquet, David. 2023. The Russia-Ukraine conflict is likely to compound Sudan’s existing food security problems. In The Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Global Food Security, eds. Joseph Glauber and David Laborde. Section Four: Country Impacts and Responses: Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter 30, Pp. 154-157. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896294394_30.

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Northern Africa; Shock; Policies; War; Coronavirus; Covid-19; Agriculture; Markets; Trade; Coronavirinae; Russia; Food Security; Ukraine; Conflicts; Coronavirus Disease; Wheat; Prices; Climate Change

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Links

https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896294394_30 Source record

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Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Factors influencing the effectiveness of productivity-enhancing interventions: an assessment of selected programs

2016Karugia, Joseph T.; Massawe, Stella C.; Guthiga, Paul M.; Ogada, Maurice; Nwafor, Manson; Chilonda, Pius; Musaba, Emmanuel

Details

Factors influencing the effectiveness of productivity-enhancing interventions: an assessment of selected programs

The preceding chapter has shown that agricultural intensification paths differ markedly in different farming systems and are influenced significantly by population density; yield-enhancing technologies, such as fertilizer, may have been used more as instruments for expanding cultivated area, rather than for increasing yield; and further in-country analysis is needed to sharpen the policy implications of these findings. This chapter assesses selected productivity-enhancing interventions across Africa, with the aim of distilling lessons on key factors contributing to the effectiveness of such interventions. Intervention as used here stands for programs, projects, strategies, or other agricultural development initiatives, and effectiveness refers to the extent to which the objectives of the intervention were achieved, taking into account their relative importance (OECD 2010).

Year published

2016

Authors

Karugia, Joseph T.; Massawe, Stella C.; Guthiga, Paul M.; Ogada, Maurice; Nwafor, Manson; Chilonda, Pius; Musaba, Emmanuel

Citation

Karugia, J.; Massawe, S.; Guthiga, P.; Ogada, M.; Nwafor, M.; Chilonda, Pius; Musaba, E. 2016. Factors influencing the effectiveness of productivity-enhancing interventions: an assessment of selected programs. In Benin, S. (Ed.). Agricultural productivity in Africa: trends, patterns, and determinants. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Chapter 6, pp.247-333. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/81288

Country/Region

Benin; Eritrea; Togo; Guinea; Rwanda; Sudan; Ghana; Zambia; Kenya; Congo; Burkina Faso; Mozambique; Malawi; Mali; Uganda; Zimbabwe; Nigeria; Ethiopia

Keywords

Tanzania; Africa; Western Africa; Middle Africa; Eastern Africa; Northern Africa; Agricultural Extension; Agricultural Policies; Agricultural Growth; Labour; Caadp; Land Ownership; Land Use; Productivity

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Links

https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896298811_06 Source record

Project

Policies, Institutions, and Markets

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Food security policies for building resilience to conflict

2014Breisinger, Clemens; Ecker, Olivier; Maystadt, Jean-François; Trinh Tan, Jean-François; Al-Riffai, Perrihan; Bouzar, Khalida; Sma, Abdelkarim; Abdelgadir, Mohamed

Details

Food security policies for building resilience to conflict

Year published

2014

Authors

Breisinger, Clemens; Ecker, Olivier; Maystadt, Jean-François; Trinh Tan, Jean-François; Al-Riffai, Perrihan; Bouzar, Khalida; Sma, Abdelkarim; Abdelgadir, Mohamed

Citation

Breisinger, Clemens; Ecker, Olivier; Maystadt, Jean-François; Trinh Tan, Jean-François; Al-Riffai, Perrihan; Bouzar, Khalida; Sma, Abdelkarim and Abdelgadir, Mohamed. 2014. Food security policies for building resilience to conflict. In Resilience for food and nutrition security. Eds. Fan, Shenggen; Pandya-Lorch, Rajul and Yosef, Sivan. Chapter 5. Pp. 37-44. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/149413

Country/Region

Egypt; Sudan; Somalia; Yemen

Keywords

Northern Africa; Eastern Africa; Africa; Middle East; Southwestern Asia; Asia; Western Asia; Economic Shock; Nutrition Security; Natural Resources; Environmental Factors; Shock; Economic Development; Malnutrition; Drought; Food Security; Conflicts; Food Prices; Poverty; Prices; Resilience; Governance; Climate Change

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Policies, Institutions, and Markets

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book

East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis

2013Waithaka, Michael; Nelson, Gerald C.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Kyotalimye, Miriam

Details

East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis

The second of three books in IFPRI's climate change in Africa series, East African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis examines the food security threats facing 10 of the countries that make up east and central Africa - Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda - and explores how climate change will increase the efforts needed to achieve sustainable food security throughout the region. East Africa's populations is expected to grow at least through mid-century. The region will also see income growth. Both will put increased pressure on the natural resources needed to produce food, and climate change makes the challenges greater. East Africa is already experiencing rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increasing extreme events. Without attention to adaptation, the poor will suffer.Through the use of hundreds of scenario maps, models, figures, and detailed analysis, the editors and contributors of East African Agriculture and Climate Change present plausible future scenarios that combine economic and biophysical characteristics to explore the possible consequences for agriculture, food security, and resources management to 2050. They also offer recommendations to national governments and regional economic agencies already dealing with the vulnerabilities of climate change and deviations in environment. Decisionmakers and researchers will find East African Agriculture and Climate Change a vital tool for shaping policy and studying the various and likely consequences of climate change.

Year published

2013

Authors

Waithaka, Michael; Nelson, Gerald C.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Kyotalimye, Miriam

Citation

Waithaka, Michael; Nelson, Gerald C.; Thomas, Timothy S. and Kyotalimye, Miriam, Eds. 2013. East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292055.

Country/Region

Burundi; Eritrea; Kenya; Madagascar; Rwanda; Sudan; Uganda

Keywords

Congo, Democratic Republic of; Tanzania; Africa; Eastern Africa; Middle Africa; Northern Africa; Climate; Agriculture; Adaptation; Food Security; Decision Making

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Links

https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292055 Source record

Project

Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

Record type

Book

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Book Chapter

Sudan [In East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis]

2013Taha, Abdelmoneim; Thomas, Timothy S.; Waithaka, Michael

Details

Sudan [In East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis]

Year published

2013

Authors

Taha, Abdelmoneim; Thomas, Timothy S.; Waithaka, Michael

Citation

Taha, Abdelmoneim; Thomas, Timothy S. and Waithaka, Michael. 2013. Sudan. In East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. Eds. Waithaka, Michael; Nelson, Gerald C.; Thomas, Timothy S. and Kyotalimye, Miriam. Chapter 10. Pp. 279-311. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/153711

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Northern Africa; Climate Change; Drought; Rainfall; Irrigation; Water Management; Agriculture; Poverty; Agricultural Development; Agricultural Policies; Economic Development; Smallholders; Livestock; Productivity; Yields; Commodities; Land Degradation; Food Prices; Nutrition; Malnutrition; Income; Sorghum; Millets; Groundnuts; Wheat; Cotton; Cowpeas; Adaptation; Modelling

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Assessing agricultural potential in South Sudan – A spatial analysis method

2012Diao, Xinshen; You, Liangzhi; Alpuerto, Vida; Folledo, Renato

Details

Assessing agricultural potential in South Sudan – A spatial analysis method

Year published

2012

Authors

Diao, Xinshen; You, Liangzhi; Alpuerto, Vida; Folledo, Renato

Citation

Diao, Xinshen; You, Liangzhi; Alpuerto, Vida; Folledo, Renato 2012. Assessing agricultural potential in South Sudan – A spatial analysis method. In Application of geographic information systems, ed. Bhuiyan Monwar Alam. Chapter 8. Pp. 139-152

Keywords

South Sudan; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Land Use; Data; Yields; Farmland; Consumption; Production; Agriculture; National Income; Water; Living Standards; Households; Farming Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Links

https://doi.org/10.5772/47938 Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book

Public policy and poverty reduction in the Arab Region

2007Ali, Abdel Gadir Ali; Fan, Shenggen

Details

Public policy and poverty reduction in the Arab Region

The percentage of the world’s poor living below $1 per day fell by nearly a half in the last two decades of the 20th century. However, reduction in global poverty has been uneven across and within regions of the developing world. While the dramatic progress made in East Asia -- especially China -- is well-known, poverty indicators elsewhere have proven more fixed. This asymmetrical development story also holds true for the Arab countries.

Year published

2007

Authors

Ali, Abdel Gadir Ali; Fan, Shenggen

Citation

Ali, Abdel Gadir Ali, ed. and Fan, Shenggen, ed. 2007. Public policy and poverty reduction in the Arab Region. Kuwait: Arab Planning Institute.

Country/Region

Egypt; Morocco; Sudan; Tunisia; Yemen

Keywords

Northern Africa; Western Asia; Arab Countries; Public Investment; Poverty; Economic Growth; Public Policies; Poverty Reduction

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Book

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Book Chapter

The Uruguay Round and international trade in agricultural products: implications for Arab countries

1996Goldin, Ian; Kherallah, Mylene

Details

The Uruguay Round and international trade in agricultural products: implications for Arab countries

This chapter reviews the agricultural trade provisions of the Uruguay Round, assesses their likely consequences for international trade and their impact on agricultural prices with reference to the Arab countries. It includes country analyses for: Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Somalia, and Sudan.

Year published

1996

Authors

Goldin, Ian; Kherallah, Mylene

Citation

Goldin, Ian; Kherallah, Mylene. 1996. The Uruguay Round and international trade in agricultural products: implications for Arab countries. In El- Naggar, Said, ed. The Uruguay Round and the Arab Countries. Pp. 96-132

Country/Region

Algeria; Egypt; Jordan; Morocco; Saudi Arabia; Somalia; Sudan; Tunisia; Uruguay

Keywords

Northern Africa; Western Asia; Eastern Africa; South America; Arab Countries; International Trade; Gatt

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

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Book Chapter

Drought and famine prevention in Sudan

1991Zaki, El Sayed; von Braun, Joachim; Teklu, Tesfaye

Details

Drought and famine prevention in Sudan

Year published

1991

Authors

Zaki, El Sayed; von Braun, Joachim; Teklu, Tesfaye

Citation

Zaki, El Sayed; von Braun, Joachim; Teklu, Tesfaye. 1991. Drought and famine prevention in Sudan. Famine and food policy Discussion Paper 5. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/156890

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Northern Africa; Famine; Drought; Food Supply; Food Security

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

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